Q Mr. C.Y., age 71, has had significant emphysema for 6 years. He has reduced his cigarette smoking since mild congestive heart was diagnosed (right-sided heart failure-refer to Chapter 12). He has been admitted to the hospital with a suspected closed pneumothorax and respiratory failure. 1. Describe the pathophysiological changes in the lungs with emphysema, and explain how these affect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. 2.Explain the possible role of smoking in Mr. C.Y.'s case and its general effects on respiratory function (consider effects on cardiovascular function also). 3. What significant characteristics related to emphysema and heart failure would you expect to observe in Mr. C.Y.? 4. Explain how a pneumothorax has probably occurred in the presence of emphysema.